Scientists Alert That Super El Niño and Growing Illegal Trade Endanger Galápagos Marine Iguanas

Scientists examining the Galápagos islands have sounded an urgent alarm that a strong El Niño episode, together with a sudden rise in wildlife smuggling, may sharply cut the population of the archipelago’s famed marine iguanas.

El Niño, a cyclic warming of Pacific waters, normally raises sea temperatures and shifts currents around the Galápagos. Marine iguanas, reliant on kelp and algae that cling to underwater rocks, face reduced food availability, diminished breeding success and higher death rates—particularly for young individuals—under such conditions.

From May onward, customs agents in Ecuador have seized over 48 marine iguanas hidden in cargo passing the nation. The reptiles were destined for the illicit pet trade and private collectors, a trend officials label a “strange uptick,” noting it contrasts with the traditionally minimal iguana trafficking seen in the area.

Conservation organizations together with the Galápagos National Park are reacting by increasing patrols, boosting surveillance at major ports, and working with overseas law‑enforcement bodies to map supply routes. However, the isolation of numerous islands and scarce resources continue to hinder thorough monitoring.

Researchers warn that if rapid steps are not taken to mitigate both climate‑induced habitat pressure and illegal trafficking, the marine iguana may undergo a population collapse reminiscent of earlier island extinctions. They urge enhanced regional collaboration, greater financing for anti‑trafficking efforts, and faster implementation of climate‑adaptation strategies to protect the species for generations to come.